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Geology — Rocks and Minerals

Types of rocks, minerals, and geological processes

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rockhound_petra 15 terms Nov 8, 2025
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Terms 15

1
Igneous Rock
Formed from cooling and solidification of magma or lava
2
Sedimentary Rock
Formed from compaction and cementation of sediment layers
3
Metamorphic Rock
Existing rock transformed by heat and pressure
4
Granite
Coarse-grained igneous rock; rich in quartz and feldspar
5
Basalt
Fine-grained igneous rock; forms ocean floors
6
Limestone
Sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate; often contains fossils
7
Marble
Metamorphic rock formed from limestone; used in sculpture
8
Quartz
One of the most common minerals; SiO2; very hard (7 on Mohs scale)
9
Feldspar
Most abundant mineral group in Earth's crust
10
Mohs Scale
1–10 scale measuring mineral hardness; talc=1, diamond=10
11
Erosion
Wearing away of rock and soil by wind, water, or ice
12
Weathering
Breaking down of rock in place by physical or chemical processes
13
Fossil
Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms in rock
14
Magma
Molten rock beneath Earth's surface
15
Lava
Magma that has reached Earth's surface through a volcanic eruption