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Middle East — Modern History

Key events and concepts shaping the modern Middle East

M
mideast_context 15 terms Aug 7, 2025
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Terms 15

1
Sykes-Picot Agreement
1916 secret treaty dividing Ottoman Arab territories between Britain and France
2
Balfour Declaration
1917 British statement supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine
3
Ottoman Empire
Islamic empire controlling Middle East until its collapse after WWI
4
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Ongoing tensions over land, statehood, and security since 1948
5
1948 Arab-Israeli War
Israel's War of Independence; neighboring Arab states invaded after Israel's founding
6
Suez Crisis
1956 conflict after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal; Britain, France, Israel invaded
7
Six-Day War
1967 war; Israel captured West Bank, Gaza, Sinai, and Golan Heights
8
Yom Kippur War
1973 surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria; oil embargo followed
9
Iranian Revolution
1979 overthrow of Shah; Islamic Republic established under Ayatollah Khomeini
10
Iran-Iraq War
1980–1988 devastating conflict killing over a million; no territorial change
11
Gulf War
1991 U.S.-led coalition expelled Iraq from Kuwait
12
Oslo Accords
1993 peace framework between Israel and PLO; led to partial Palestinian self-rule
13
Arab Spring
2010–2012 wave of protests and uprisings across Arab world
14
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; controls much of global oil supply
15
Two-State Solution
Proposal for Israeli and Palestinian states coexisting side by side