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Astronomy — Space Exploration History

Major milestones in human and robotic space exploration

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mission_control_m 15 terms Sep 29, 2025
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Terms 15

1
Sputnik 1
First artificial satellite; launched by USSR October 4, 1957
2
Yuri Gagarin
First human in space; Soviet cosmonaut; April 12, 1961
3
Mercury Program
First U.S. human spaceflight program; 1958–1963; first American in space: Alan Shepard
4
Gemini Program
U.S. program developing spacewalking and docking techniques; 1961–1966
5
Apollo 11
July 1969; first crewed Moon landing; Armstrong and Aldrin walked on Moon
6
Space Shuttle
Reusable U.S. spacecraft operating 1981–2011; 135 missions
7
Hubble Space Telescope
Launched 1990; orbiting telescope revolutionizing astronomy
8
Mars Rovers
Robotic explorers on Mars; Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, Perseverance
9
International Space Station
Continuously crewed orbital lab; joint U.S.-Russia project; launched 1998
10
Voyager 1
Launched 1977; reached interstellar space in 2012; farthest human-made object
11
Cassini
NASA probe orbiting Saturn 2004–2017; returned detailed ring and moon data
12
New Horizons
NASA probe completing first flyby of Pluto in 2015
13
James Webb Space Telescope
Launched 2021; infrared telescope seeing further than Hubble
14
SpaceX
Private company pioneering reusable rockets and commercial spaceflight
15
Artemis Program
NASA program aiming to return humans to the Moon; first woman and next man