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Immunology — Advanced

Adaptive immunity, clonal selection, and immunological memory

C
clonal_selection 25 terms Dec 28, 2025
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Terms 25

1
MHC Class I
Presents intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells; expressed on all nucleated cells
2
MHC Class II
Presents extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells; expressed on antigen-presenting cells
3
Antigen Presentation
Processing of proteins into peptides displayed on MHC; T cell activation requires peptide-MHC complex
4
Clonal Selection
Antigen selects and activates lymphocytes with matching receptors; expansion of specific clone
5
V(D)J Recombination
Somatic rearrangement generating vast diversity of antibody and T cell receptor genes
6
B Cell Receptor (BCR)
Membrane-bound antibody; recognizes native antigen; triggers B cell activation
7
T Cell Receptor (TCR)
Recognizes peptide-MHC complex; alpha-beta or gamma-delta heterodimer
8
Th1 Cells
Helper T subset; produces IFN-γ; activates macrophages; mediates cellular immunity
9
Th2 Cells
Helper T subset; produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-13; promotes antibody and eosinophil responses
10
Th17 Cells
Helper T subset; produces IL-17; important for mucosal immunity and autoimmunity
11
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)
CD4+FoxP3+ cells suppressing immune responses; prevent autoimmunity
12
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL)
CD8+ T cell killing infected or tumor cells via perforin, granzymes, Fas-FasL
13
Immunological Synapse
Organized contact zone between T cell and APC; concentrates TCR-pMHC, costimulatory molecules
14
Costimulation
CD28 (T cell) + B7 (APC) second signal required for full T cell activation; prevents anergy
15
Anergy
T cell unresponsiveness after antigen recognition without costimulation
16
Antibody Classes (Isotypes)
IgG (most abundant), IgA (mucosal), IgM (primary response), IgE (allergy), IgD
17
Somatic Hypermutation
High-rate mutations in BCR variable regions after activation; improves antigen affinity
18
Affinity Maturation
B cells with higher-affinity mutations selected in germinal center; improves antibody quality
19
Germinal Center
Specialized lymph node structure where B cells proliferate, mutate, and are selected
20
Complement System
Cascade of proteins that opsonize pathogens, lyse cells, and recruit immune cells
21
Innate Pattern Recognition
TLRs, NLRs, RIG-I recognize PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)
22
Cytokines
Signaling proteins (ILs, IFNs, TNF) regulating immune cell activation, differentiation, and migration
23
Interferons (IFN)
Antiviral cytokines; Type I (IFN-α/β) induced by infection; Type II (IFN-γ) from Th1 cells
24
Autoimmunity
Immune attack on self antigens; failure of central or peripheral tolerance
25
Checkpoint Inhibitors
Anti-PD1, anti-CTLA4 antibodies blocking immune suppression; cancer immunotherapy