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Advanced Neuroscience — Systems and Circuits

Neural systems, circuit dynamics, and complex behaviors

C
circuit_breaker_ns 22 terms Dec 12, 2025
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Terms 22

1
Feedforward Inhibition
Excitatory neuron activates inhibitory neuron which inhibits downstream target; controls gain
2
Feedback Inhibition
Output neuron activates inhibitory neuron feeding back to its own input; prevents runaway excitation
3
Winner-Take-All Circuit
Lateral inhibition allows most active neuron to suppress competitors; sharpens responses
4
Central Pattern Generator
Neural circuit producing rhythmic output without rhythmic input; e.g. locomotion, breathing
5
Place Cells
Hippocampal neurons firing when animal is in specific location; O'Keefe; cognitive map
6
Grid Cells
Entorhinal cortex neurons with hexagonal firing fields; metric of space; Nobel with place cells
7
Head Direction Cells
Neurons firing only when head points in specific direction; internal compass
8
Working Memory Circuit
Recurrent excitation in prefrontal cortex maintains information; dopamine modulates; disrupted in schizophrenia
9
Basal Ganglia
Subcortical structures selecting actions; direct path (go) and indirect path (no-go)
10
Dopamine in Reward
VTA dopamine neurons signal reward prediction errors; Schultz; temporal difference learning
11
Reward Prediction Error
Difference between expected and actual reward; positive error → dopamine burst; negative → dip
12
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
Stress response: CRH → ACTH → cortisol; negative feedback via glucocorticoid receptors
13
Optogenetics
Light-activated channels (channelrhodopsins) expressed in neurons; millisecond precision control of circuits
14
Two-Photon Microscopy
Imaging technique allowing in vivo visualization of neural activity at cellular resolution in intact brain
15
Calcium Imaging
GCaMP indicators detect Ca²⁺ transients as proxy for action potentials; large-scale population recording
16
EEG
Electroencephalography; measures summed postsynaptic potentials; high temporal, poor spatial resolution
17
fMRI (BOLD Signal)
Blood oxygenation level-dependent signal; hemodynamic response to neural activity; high spatial, low temporal
18
Sharp-Wave Ripples
High-frequency hippocampal oscillations during rest/sleep; consolidate spatial memories via replay
19
Theta Oscillations
4-12 Hz hippocampal rhythm during exploration; phase-couples distant regions; crucial for memory encoding
20
Gamma Oscillations
30-100 Hz cortical rhythms; generated by interneuron networks; associated with attention and feature binding
21
Connectome
Complete map of neural connections in a nervous system; C. elegans (302 neurons) fully mapped
22
Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP)
LTP if presynaptic fires before postsynaptic; LTD if after; precise timing rule for Hebbian learning