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Endocrinology — Hormones and Systems

Hormonal axes, feedback loops, and endocrine disorders

P
pituitary_patrol 24 terms Dec 10, 2025
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Terms 24

1
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Hypothalamus releases releasing/inhibiting hormones → anterior pituitary → target glands → negative feedback
2
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL; each regulated by hypothalamic releasing hormones
3
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin; synthesized in hypothalamus, stored and released from posterior pituitary
4
Negative Feedback
Target gland hormone inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; maintains homeostasis
5
Insulin
Pancreatic β-cell hormone; promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis; lowers blood glucose
6
Glucagon
Pancreatic α-cell hormone; stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; raises blood glucose
7
Cortisol
Glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex; stress response; gluconeogenesis; immunosuppression
8
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid; Na⁺ reabsorption in kidney; raises blood pressure; regulated by RAAS
9
RAAS Pathway
Renin → angiotensin I → ACE → angiotensin II → aldosterone; controls blood pressure and fluid balance
10
Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4)
T4 → T3 (active); increase basal metabolic rate; growth and development; regulated by TSH
11
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
From anterior pituitary; stimulates thyroid T3/T4 synthesis; regulated by TRH and T3/T4 feedback
12
Hypothyroidism
Low T3/T4; high TSH; fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance; Hashimoto's most common cause
13
Hyperthyroidism
Excess T3/T4; low TSH; heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia; Graves' disease most common
14
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Raises blood Ca²⁺: bone resorption, renal reabsorption, vitamin D activation; regulated by Ca²⁺ directly
15
Calcitonin
From thyroid C cells; opposes PTH; lowers Ca²⁺; less physiologically important in adults
16
Vitamin D
25-OH-D₃ (liver) → 1,25-(OH)₂-D₃ (kidney, PTH-driven); promotes Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ absorption
17
Growth Hormone (GH)
From anterior pituitary; stimulates IGF-1; promotes growth, lipolysis, protein synthesis
18
IGF-1
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1; mediates GH effects on growth; negative feedback on GH
19
Testosterone
Androgen from testes (Leydig cells); male development, spermatogenesis, anabolism
20
Estrogen
From ovarian granulosa cells; female development, endometrial proliferation, bone protection
21
Progesterone
From corpus luteum; maintains endometrium for implantation; opposes estrogen
22
ADH (Vasopressin)
Promotes water reabsorption in collecting duct; released by high osmolality or low volume
23
Diabetes Insipidus
Deficient ADH (central) or kidney unresponsive to ADH (nephrogenic); massive dilute urine output
24
SIADH
Excess ADH; water retention; hyponatremia; often from lung cancer, CNS disease