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Advanced History — Historiography

History of historical writing, methods, and interpretive schools

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primary_source 22 terms Jun 18, 2025
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Terms 22

1
Historiography
Study of how history has been written; analysis of historians, methods, and interpretive schools
2
Rankean History
Von Ranke: history as it actually happened (wie es eigentlich gewesen); primary sources, objectivity ideal
3
Whig History
Herbert Butterfield's critique: reading history as inevitable progress toward present liberal values
4
Annales School
French school (Braudel, Bloch, Febvre); longue durée, social and economic structures over events
5
Longue Durée
Braudel's concept of long-term structural history; geography, climate, demography over political events
6
Marxist Historiography
History as class struggle; economic base drives superstructure; E.P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm
7
Social History
Focus on ordinary people, gender, race, working class; 'history from below'; 1960s–70s rise
8
Cultural History
Focuses on representations, symbols, and meaning; linguistic turn; Clifford Geertz, Roger Chartier
9
Linguistic Turn
1970s–80s: language doesn't just describe reality, it constructs it; discourse, representation central
10
Postcolonial History
Challenges Eurocentric narratives; Subaltern Studies; Dipesh Chakrabarty's 'provincializing Europe'
11
Subaltern Studies
Indian historiography recovering voices of colonized; Ranajit Guha; agency of marginal groups
12
Microhistory
Intensive study of small community or individual; reveals broader structures; Carlo Ginzburg, Natalie Davis
13
Counterfactual History
What-if scenarios; tests causal claims; controversial; Niall Ferguson
14
Oral History
Using interviews and spoken testimony as primary source; recovers marginalized voices
15
Quantitative History (Cliometrics)
Statistical and economic methods in history; Fogel and Engerman on slavery; controversial
16
Memory Studies
How societies remember the past; collective memory, trauma, commemoration, historical myth
17
World History / Global History
Transcends national frameworks; connections, comparisons, exchanges; McNeill, Pomeranz
18
Atlantic History
Interconnections around Atlantic basin; slavery, trade, colonialism as transatlantic systems
19
Environmental History
Role of nature and ecology in shaping human history; William Cronon, Alfred Crosby
20
Crosby's Biological Exchange
Columbian Exchange: European diseases devastated Americas; Old World crops transformed both
21
Historical Empathy
Understanding past actors in their own context without judging by present standards
22
Presentism
Anachronistic judgment of past by present standards; Butterfield's critique; ongoing debate