Viennese doctor, neurologist, and psychiatrist (1856-1939) who founded psychoanalysis. He was born in Příbor, Moravia, and published his groundbreaking work "The Interpretation of Dreams" in 1900.
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Psychoanalysis
Psychological approach founded by Freud at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, originally developed as a therapeutic method for treating patients with hysteria.
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Psychic determinism
Principle stating that every mental manifestation (dream, slip of the tongue, symptom) has a cause, often hidden in the unconscious. There are no coincidences in the psyche.
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Unconscious
The decisive part of human psyche containing repressed desires, instincts, and traumas that influence behavior without our awareness.
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Topographic model
Freud's model of psyche divided into three layers: consciousness (what we are aware of now), preconscious (forgotten thoughts we can recall), and unconscious (largest part containing drives and repressed content).
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Consciousness
In Freud's topographic model, the tip of the iceberg representing what we are currently aware of.
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Preconscious
In Freud's topographic model, thoughts and experiences we have forgotten but can recall with effort.
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Structural model
Freud's model of personality dynamics composed of three components: Id, Ego, and Superego.
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Id
The irrational component of personality, seat of drives operating by the pleasure principle. Contains Eros (life drive, libido energy) and Thanatos (death drive). Completely unconscious.
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Ego
The rational component of personality that negotiates between Id, Superego, and external reality. Operates by the reality principle.
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Superego
The moralizing component of personality, seat of conscience and ideals formed through internalization of authorities. Operates by the perfection principle.
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Defense mechanisms
Unconscious psychological processes used by the Ego when anxiety becomes too strong, protecting the psyche from overwhelming conflict between Id and Superego.
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Repression
Defense mechanism involving complete removal of unpleasant impulses into the unconscious.
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Projection
Defense mechanism of attributing one's own unwanted qualities to others.
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Sublimation
Defense mechanism transforming socially unacceptable drives into recognized activities (e.g., aggression into sports, sexuality into art).
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Regression
Defense mechanism involving retreat to a lower developmental stage (e.g., a child bedwetting after a sibling is born).
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Psychosexual development
Freud's theory that personality develops through libido focusing on different body parts (erogenous zones) across five stages.
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Oral stage
First psychosexual stage (0-1 year) where pleasure comes from taking in food and biting.
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Anal stage
Second psychosexual stage (1-3 years) where pleasure comes from elimination and control of bowels during toilet training.
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Phallic stage
Third psychosexual stage (3-6 years) characterized by interest in one's own genitals and emergence of Oedipus/Electra complexes.
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Oedipus complex
In the phallic stage, a boy's attraction to his mother and rivalry with his father.
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Electra complex
In the phallic stage, a girl's attraction to her father and rivalry with her mother.
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Latency period
Fourth psychosexual stage (6-12 years) where sexual drives are suppressed and energy is directed toward school and friendships.
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Genital stage
Fifth and final psychosexual stage beginning in puberty, characterized by mature sexuality and partnership relationships.
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Alfred Adler
Former collaborator of Freud who founded Individual Psychology, emphasizing inferiority feelings and striving for power rather than sexuality, and the importance of sibling constellations.
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Individual Psychology
Adler's psychological approach rejecting Freud's emphasis on sexuality, focusing instead on inferiority feelings and the drive for superiority.
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Carl Gustav Jung
Former collaborator of Freud who founded Analytical Psychology, expanding the concept of unconscious to include collective unconscious and introducing extrovert/introvert personality types.
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Analytical Psychology
Jung's psychological approach extending the unconscious to collective unconscious containing archetypes shared by all humanity.
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Collective unconscious
According to Jung, the deeper layer of unconscious shared by all humans, containing universal patterns of behavior and experience called archetypes.
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Archetype
According to Jung, a universal prototype of human behavior and experience stored in the collective unconscious (e.g., The Mother, The Wise Old Man, The Shadow, Anima/Animus).
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Extravert
Personality type identified by Jung characterized by outward orientation of energy toward the external world.
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Introvert
Personality type identified by Jung characterized by inward orientation of energy toward the inner world.
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Libido
Sexual energy or life drive that serves as the primary motor of human psyche according to Freud.
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Eros
In Freud's theory, the life drive associated with survival, reproduction, and libido energy.
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Thanatos
In Freud's theory, the death drive associated with aggression and destructive impulses.
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Catharsis
Release of strong emotions leading to relief, originally the goal of psychoanalytic therapy.
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Fixation
Halting of development at a particular stage due to excessive gratification or frustration during that period.
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Pleasure principle
The principle by which the Id operates, seeking immediate gratification of desires and avoidance of pain.
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Reality principle
The principle by which the Ego operates, considering reality constraints and societal rules in decision-making.
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Perfection principle
The principle by which the Superego operates, striving for moral ideals and perfect behavior.
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Internalization
The process by which the Superego is formed through acceptance and integration of authority figures' values and standards.