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SAT Math — Algebra Essentials

Core algebra concepts tested on the SAT

S
satprep_grind 15 terms Mar 14, 2026
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Terms 15

1
Linear Equation
Equation whose graph is a straight line; y = mx + b
2
Slope
Rate of change; rise over run; (y2 − y1)/(x2 − x1)
3
Y-Intercept
Where a line crosses the y-axis; value of y when x = 0
4
System of Equations
Two or more equations solved simultaneously
5
Quadratic Equation
Polynomial of degree 2; ax² + bx + c = 0
6
Quadratic Formula
x = [−b ± √(b²−4ac)] / 2a
7
Discriminant
b²−4ac; determines number of real solutions of a quadratic
8
Exponent Rules
x^a · x^b = x^(a+b); (x^a)^b = x^(ab); x^0 = 1
9
Absolute Value
Distance from zero; |x| is always non-negative
10
Function Notation
f(x) represents output of function f for input x
11
Factoring
Rewriting a polynomial as a product of simpler expressions
12
FOIL
Method for multiplying binomials: First, Outer, Inner, Last
13
Inequality
Mathematical statement that one value is greater or less than another
14
Proportion
Equation stating two ratios are equal
15
Percent Change
(New − Old) / Old × 100%