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Networking — OSI Model

Layers of the Open Systems Interconnection model

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netstack_nadia 15 terms Feb 23, 2026
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Terms 15

1
Layer 1 — Physical
Transmits raw bit stream over physical medium; cables, hubs
2
Layer 2 — Data Link
Node-to-node data transfer; MAC addresses; switches, bridges
3
Layer 3 — Network
Routing packets across networks; IP addresses; routers
4
Layer 4 — Transport
Reliable data transfer; TCP and UDP; ports and segmentation
5
Layer 5 — Session
Managing and controlling connections between systems
6
Layer 6 — Presentation
Data formatting, encryption, and compression
7
Layer 7 — Application
User-facing services like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS
8
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol; reliable, connection-oriented
9
UDP
User Datagram Protocol; faster, connectionless, no guarantee
10
MAC Address
Hardware address unique to a network interface card
11
IP Address
Logical address assigned to devices for network routing
12
Router
Device forwarding data packets between networks at Layer 3
13
Switch
Device connecting devices within a LAN at Layer 2
14
Packet
Unit of data formatted for transmission across a network
15
Port
Logical endpoint for a specific process or service; e.g., 80 for HTTP